BHT
Debated carcinogenicity and endocrine effects.
- Category
- Antioxidants
- Acceptable daily intake
- 0.25 mg/kg body weight/day (EFSA)
- Vegan
- Yes
- Vegetarian
- Yes
What it is
Butylated hydroxytoluene (E321), or BHT, is a synthetic antioxidant used to preserve the freshness of fats and oils. It is often used in combination with BHA (E320).
How it is used in food
A highly stable, low-cost synthetic antioxidant that prevents fats in foods and packaging from spoiling.
Commonly found in- Chewing gum
- Breakfast cereals
- Cosmetics and lotions
- Industrial plastics and jet fuels (as an antioxidant)
Health and safety
Suspected endocrine disruptor and may cause liver enlargement in animals at high doses.
While frequently grouped together with BHA, BHT has a slightly different safety profile. Notably, BHT is NOT classified as a carcinogen by the IARC or under California Prop 65.
Suspected endocrine disruptor
Animal studies suggest potential endocrine disrupting properties at high doses, leading to strict usage limits.
Approved for use with strict limits, though ongoing studies monitor its long-term chronic effects.
Regulatory status
| Region | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Australia & New Zealand FSANZ |
Permitted | Permitted. |
| European Union EFSA / European Commission |
Permitted | Authorised for food use under EU regulations (Annex II). |
| United States FDA (Food and Drug Administration) |
Permitted | Approved. |
Identification on labels
- E-number
- E321
Alternatives to this additive
- E306: Tocopherols — Natural Vitamin E extracts.
How it is made
Like BHA, it is a petrochemical derivative, synthesized by reacting p-cresol with isobutylene.
- Synthesis — Derived from petrochemicals via the reaction of p-cresol and isobutylene.
Worth knowing
BHT is frequently added to the plastic packaging of cereals, where it slowly migrates into the food to keep it fresh.
Conclusion
Because it lacks the explicit carcinogen classification of BHA, it is generally considered a moderate, rather than a high hazard. However, it is still a heavily scrutinized petrochemical additive, and many brands are actively removing it from their recipes.
References
- EFSA evaluation of E321 — EFSA
- EFSA re-evaluation of BHT — EFSA
- EFSA re-evaluation — EFSA
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Open the appEntry last reviewed 2026-07-28.
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