Food additive directory

587 additives

• E124 Ponceau 4R High risk Azo dye linked to hyperactivity; EU warning label required.
• E127 Erythrosine High risk Avoid: iodine-based dye linked to thyroid tumours; US food listing revoked in 2025.
• E129 Allura red High risk Azo dye linked to hyperactivity; EU warning label required.
• E171 Titanium dioxide High risk Permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E216 Propyl para-hydroxybenzoate High risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E217 Sodium propyl para-hydroxybenzoate High risk Not authorised in EU and US, but permitted in AU-NZ. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E240 Formaldehyde High risk Formaldehyde is classified by IARC as carcinogenic to humans. It is not permitted as a food additive.
• E249 Potassium nitrite High risk Cured-meat nitrite; forms nitrosamines, IARC-classified pathway.
• E250 Sodium nitrite High risk Cured-meat nitrite; forms carcinogenic nitrosamines (IARC).
• E251 Sodium nitrate High risk Converts to nitrite; same nitrosamine concern.
• E252 Potassium nitrate High risk Converts to nitrite; same nitrosamine concern.
• E311 Octyl gallate High risk Synthetic antioxidant; limited data.
• E312 Dodecyl gallate High risk Synthetic antioxidant; limited data.
• E320 BHA High risk Possible carcinogen (IARC 2B); endocrine concerns.
• E443 Brominated vegetable oil High risk A brominated oil withdrawn from food use after evidence that bromine accumulates in body tissue.
• E520 Aluminium sulphate High risk Best avoided due to concerns over dietary aluminum accumulation.
• E521 Aluminium sodium sulphate High risk Avoid when possible to minimize dietary aluminum exposure.
• E522 Aluminium potassium sulphate High risk Best avoided due to neurotoxicity concerns associated with high aluminum intake.
• E523 Aluminium ammonium sulphate High risk Avoid to limit unnecessary exposure to dietary aluminum.
• E918 Nitrogen oxides High risk Toxic bleaching gases, not permitted for use on food.
• E919 Nitrosyl chloride High risk Toxic bleaching gases, not permitted for use on food.
• E924 Bromate flour treatment agents High risk A flour treatment agent that IARC classes as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Not permitted in the EU; still allowed in some countries.
• E924A Potassium bromate High risk A flour treatment agent that IARC classes as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Not permitted in the EU; still allowed in some countries.
• E924B Calcium bromate High risk A flour treatment agent that IARC classes as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Not permitted in the EU; still allowed in some countries.
• E926 Chlorine dioxide High risk Toxic bleaching gases, not permitted for use on food.
• E951 Aspartame High risk IARC class 2B (possibly carcinogenic, 2023); intake limits apply.
• E102 Tartrazine Moderate risk A synthetic azo dye. Linked to hyperactivity in children, so the EU requires a warning label.
• E104 Quinoline yellow Moderate risk A synthetic yellow dye. Linked to hyperactivity in children, so the EU requires a warning label.
• E110 Sunset yellow Moderate risk A synthetic azo dye. Linked to hyperactivity in children, so the EU requires a warning label.
• E120 Cochineal (carmine) Moderate risk Insect-derived red; can trigger allergic reactions.
• E121 Citrus Red 2 Moderate risk A synthetic dye used only on the skin of oranges in some countries, never in the fruit itself. Not permitted in the EU.
• E122 Azorubine Moderate risk A synthetic azo dye, also called carmoisine. Linked to hyperactivity in children, so the EU requires a warning label.
• E150C Ammonia caramel Moderate risk Contains 4-MEI traces, debated at high intakes.
• E150D Sulphite ammonia caramel Moderate risk Cola caramel; contains 4-MEI traces, debated at high intakes.
• E155 Brown HT Moderate risk Permitted in AU-NZ and EU. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E173 Aluminium Moderate risk Metallic surface color; aluminium intake concern.
• E210 Benzoic acid Moderate risk Can form benzene with vitamin C; allergy trigger.
• E211 Sodium benzoate Moderate risk Can form benzene with vitamin C; linked to hyperactivity in combination with dyes.
• E212 Potassium benzoate Moderate risk Benzoate preservative; same benzene/vitamin C concern.
• E213 Calcium benzoate Moderate risk Benzoate preservative; same benzene/vitamin C concern.
• E214 Ethylparaben Moderate risk Paraben preservative; endocrine debate.
• E218 Methylparaben Moderate risk Paraben preservative; endocrine debate.
• E219 Sodium methylparaben Moderate risk Paraben preservative; endocrine debate.
• E220 Sulphur dioxide Moderate risk Sulphite — a major allergen, destroys vitamin B1.
• E221 Sodium sulphite Moderate risk Sulphite allergen.
• E222 Sodium bisulphite Moderate risk Sulphite allergen.
• E223 Sodium metabisulphite Moderate risk Sulphite allergen.
• E224 Potassium metabisulphite Moderate risk Sulphite allergen.
• E225 Potassium sulphite Moderate risk A sulphite preservative not authorised in the EU; declarable allergen.
• E226 Calcium sulphite Moderate risk Sulphite allergen.
• E228 Potassium bisulphite Moderate risk Sulphite allergen.
• E239 Hexamethylene tetramine Moderate risk Formaldehyde-releasing preservative (Provolone only).
• E284 Boric acid Moderate risk Permitted only for caviar in the EU.
• E285 Borax Moderate risk Permitted only for caviar in the EU.
• E310 Propyl gallate Moderate risk Synthetic antioxidant; endocrine debate.
• E319 TBHQ Moderate risk Synthetic antioxidant; immune-effect studies debated.
• E321 BHT Moderate risk Debated carcinogenicity and endocrine effects.
• E324 Ethoxyquin Moderate risk An antioxidant whose food use was withdrawn pending further safety assessment.
• E338 Phosphoric acid Moderate risk Cola acid; high phosphate intake linked to cardiovascular concerns.
• E339 Sodium phosphates Moderate risk High phosphate intake linked to cardiovascular concerns.
• E340 Potassium phosphates Moderate risk High phosphate intake concern.
• E385 Calcium disodium EDTA Moderate risk Chelator; mineral absorption concerns at high doses.
• E407 Carrageenan Moderate risk Debated gut inflammation link in degraded form.
• E407A Processed eucheuma seaweed Moderate risk Semi-refined carrageenan; same debate.
• E431 Polyoxyethylene (40) stearate Moderate risk Permitted in the EU, though some consumers avoid it due to its highly processed nature.
• E432 Polysorbate 20 Moderate risk Synthetic emulsifier; microbiome studies debated.
• E433 Polysorbate 80 Moderate risk Synthetic emulsifier; microbiome studies debated.
• E434 Polysorbate 40 Moderate risk Synthetic emulsifier; microbiome studies debated.
• E435 Polysorbate 60 Moderate risk Synthetic emulsifier; microbiome studies debated.
• E436 Polysorbate 65 Moderate risk Synthetic emulsifier; microbiome studies debated.
• E450 Diphosphates Moderate risk Phosphate additive; cardiovascular debate at high intakes.
• E451 Triphosphates Moderate risk Phosphate additive concern.
• E452 Polyphosphates Moderate risk Phosphate additive concern.
• E466 Carboxymethylcellulose Moderate risk Emulsifier with debated gut microbiome effects.
• E519 Copper sulphate Moderate risk A copper salt that is toxic in excess; copper accumulates in the liver.
• E541 Sodium aluminium phosphate Moderate risk Aluminium-based raising agent.
• E554 Sodium aluminosilicate Moderate risk Aluminium-based anti-caking agent.
• E555 Potassium aluminium silicate Moderate risk Aluminium-based carrier (pearlescent colors).
• E620 Glutamic acid Moderate risk Umami enhancer; sensitivity reactions in some people.
• E621 Monosodium glutamate Moderate risk Flavor enhancer; sensitivity reactions in some people.
• E622 Monopotassium glutamate Moderate risk Glutamate flavor enhancer.
• E627 Disodium guanylate Moderate risk Flavor enhancer, often paired with MSG.
• E631 Disodium inosinate Moderate risk Flavor enhancer, often paired with MSG.
• E635 Disodium ribonucleotides Moderate risk E627 + E631 combined; umami booster.
• E710 Spiramycin Moderate risk An antibiotic. Never permitted as a food additive, because residues drive antimicrobial resistance.
• E713 Tylosin Moderate risk An antibiotic. Never permitted as a food additive, because residues drive antimicrobial resistance.
• E905A High viscosity mineral oils Moderate risk While heavily refined, the use of petroleum derivatives in food remains a point of concern for health-conscious consumers.
• E922 Potassium persulfate Moderate risk Persulfate salts, recognised skin and respiratory sensitisers.
• E923 Ammonium persulfate Moderate risk Persulfate salts, recognised skin and respiratory sensitisers.
• E925 Chlorine Moderate risk Toxic bleaching gases, not permitted for use on food.
• E927 Azodicarbonamide and carbamide Moderate risk A flour bleaching agent that is a known respiratory sensitiser for workers handling it.
• E927A Azodicarbonamide Moderate risk A flour bleaching agent that is a known respiratory sensitiser for workers handling it.
• E950 Acesulfame K Moderate risk Artificial sweetener; long-term effects debated.
• E952 Cyclamates Moderate risk Permitted in AU-NZ and EU. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E954 Saccharin Moderate risk Artificial sweetener with a debated history.
• E955 Sucralose Moderate risk Artificial sweetener; heating and microbiome debates.
• E961 Neotame Moderate risk Aspartame derivative, 8000× sweeter than sugar.
• E962 Aspartame-acesulfame salt Moderate risk Combined sweetener; see aspartame notes.
• E1452 Starch aluminium octenyl succinate Moderate risk A starch modified with aluminium; the concern is cumulative aluminium intake rather than the starch.
• ISOMALTOOLIGOSACCHARIDE Isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO) Moderate risk A mixture of short-chain carbohydrates with digestion-resistant properties.
• TRANSGLUTAMINASE Transglutaminase Moderate risk An enzyme that catalyzes the bonding of proteins.
• E15X E15x food additive Limited risk A vague label; risk depends entirely on the specific chemical used.
• E123 Amaranth Limited risk A synthetic azo dye used in a few products such as fish roe. Safe within its daily limit, though some people react to it.
• E131 Patent blue V Limited risk Synthetic blue; rare allergic reactions.
• E132 Indigotine Limited risk Synthetic blue, generally tolerated.
• E133 Brilliant blue Limited risk Synthetic dye; generally tolerated at food doses.
• E142 Green S Limited risk Synthetic green, restricted in several countries.
• E143 Fast Green FCF Limited risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E150 Caramel Limited risk A vague label; may contain controversial ammonia-based caramels.
• E150A Plain caramel Limited risk Simple caramel color; the least concerning caramel class.
• E150B Caustic sulphite caramel Limited risk Caramel made with sulphite compounds.
• E151 Brilliant Black BN Limited risk A synthetic dye best limited due to allergy and safety concerns.
• E153 Vegetable carbon Limited risk Black color; EU-reviewed, nanoparticle debate.
• E160B Annatto Limited risk Natural seed color; rare sensitivity reactions.
• E160B(I) Annatto bixin Limited risk A popular natural yellow colorant essential for standardizing the color of dairy products.
• E160B(II) Annatto norbixin Limited risk The water-soluble half of the annatto color family, crucial for coloring aqueous foods.
• E161G Canthaxanthin Limited risk A synthetic pigment restricted primarily to animal feed in the EU.
• E174 Silver Limited risk Decorative metallic color.
• E175 Gold Limited risk Decorative metallic color.
• E180 Litholrubine BK Limited risk Limited entirely to external cheese rinds; do not consume the rind.
• E182 Orcein Limited risk A natural lichen dye, no longer authorised in the EU.
• E200 Sorbic acid Limited risk Mild preservative; occasional skin reactions.
• E201 Sodium sorbate Limited risk Salt of sorbic acid, mild preservative.
• E202 Potassium sorbate Limited risk Common mild preservative.
• E203 Calcium sorbate Limited risk Salt of sorbic acid, mild preservative.
• E215 Sodium ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate Limited risk A controversial paraben preservative; best limited.
• E227 Calcium bisulphite Limited risk Safe for most, but individuals sensitive to sulfites must strictly avoid.
• E234 Nisin Limited risk Natural antibacterial peptide from fermentation.
• E235 Natamycin Limited risk Antifungal for cheese rinds; antibiotic-class debate.
• E238 Calcium formate Limited risk A feed preservative not meant for human food.
• E241 Gum guaiacum Limited risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E242 Dimethyl dicarbonate Limited risk Beverage sterilant that fully breaks down.
• E264 Ammonium acetate Limited risk An obscure acidity regulator lacking EU authorisation.
• E280 Propionic acid Limited risk Bread preservative; debated gut effects at high doses.
• E281 Sodium propionate Limited risk Bread mold inhibitor.
• E282 Calcium propionate Limited risk Bread preservative; debated gut effects at high doses.
• E283 Potassium propionate Limited risk Bread mold inhibitor.
• E314 Guaiacum Limited risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E317 Potassium erythorbate Limited risk An antioxidant not currently authorised in the EU.
• E318 Calcium erythorbate Limited risk An antioxidant not authorised in the EU.
• E328 Ammonium lactate Limited risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E341 Calcium phosphates Limited risk Phosphate; moderate intakes acceptable.
• E342 Ammonium phosphate Limited risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E343 Magnesium phosphates Limited risk Phosphate; moderate intakes acceptable.
• E344 Lecithin citrate Limited risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E349 Ammonium malate Limited risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E355 Adipic acid Limited risk Synthetic tart acid for powders.
• E359 Ammonium adipate Limited risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E363 Succinic acid Limited risk Fermentation acid.
• E365 Sodium fumarate Limited risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E366 Potassium fumarate Limited risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E367 Calcium fumarate Limited risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E368 Ammonium fumarate Limited risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E380 Triammonium citrate Limited risk Citrate acidity regulator.
• E381 Ferric ammonium citrate Limited risk A functional iron supplement and regulator.
• E391 Phytic acid Limited risk A natural plant extract that inhibits mineral absorption.
• E405 Propylene glycol alginate Limited risk Modified seaweed thickener (beer foam, dressings).
• E416 Karaya gum Limited risk Tree gum; mild laxative at high doses.
• E420 Sorbitol Limited risk Polyol sweetener; laxative at high doses.
• E421 Mannitol Limited risk Polyol; laxative at high doses.
• E423 Octenyl succinic acid modified gum arabic Limited risk An effective modified emulsifier that keeps flavor oils suspended in beverages.
• E425 Konjac Limited risk Restricted in jelly sweets (choking hazard).
• E426 Soybean hemicellulose Limited risk Soy fiber emulsifier.
• E442 Ammonium phosphatides Limited risk Chocolate emulsifier, lecithin alternative.
• E444 Sucrose acetate isobutyrate Limited risk Citrus-drink cloud stabilizer.
• E445 Glycerol esters of wood rosin Limited risk Keeps citrus oils mixed in drinks.
• E459 Beta-cyclodextrin Limited risk Starch-derived flavor carrier.
• E461 Methylcellulose Limited risk Modified plant fiber; gels when hot.
• E463 Hydroxypropyl cellulose Limited risk Modified plant fiber.
• E463A Low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose Limited risk A functional modified fiber used primarily to bind and texturize.
• E464 Hypromellose Limited risk Modified plant fiber (also vegetarian capsules).
• E465 Ethyl methyl cellulose Limited risk Modified plant fiber.
• E468 Cross-linked CMC Limited risk Modified cellulose.
• E471 Mono- and diglycerides Limited risk Common emulsifier; may contain trans fats.
• E472A Acetic acid esters of glycerides Limited risk Emulsifier for coatings and whipping.
• E472B Lactic acid esters of glycerides Limited risk Whipping-cream emulsifier.
• E472C Citric acid esters of glycerides Limited risk Emulsifier, also anti-spatter in fats.
• E472E DATEM Limited risk Bread emulsifier, generally tolerated.
• E472G Succinylated monoglycerides Limited risk An emulsifier lacking EU authorisation.
• E473 Sucrose esters Limited risk Emulsifier, acceptable at typical doses.
• E475 Polyglycerol esters Limited risk Cake emulsifier.
• E476 Polyglycerol polyricinoleate Limited risk Chocolate emulsifier (PGPR); EFSA-acceptable at typical doses.
• E477 Propylene glycol esters Limited risk Whipped-topping emulsifier.
• E479B Thermally oxidized soya oil esters Limited risk Frying-fat anti-spatter emulsifier.
• E481 Sodium stearoyl lactylate Limited risk Bakery emulsifier.
• E482 Calcium stearoyl lactylate Limited risk Bakery emulsifier.
• E483 Stearyl tartrate Limited risk A mostly obsolete bakery emulsifier.
• E490 Propylene glycol Limited risk Safe in tiny amounts as a flavor carrier; avoid large amounts.
• E491 Sorbitan monostearate Limited risk Emulsifier, acceptable at typical doses.
• E492 Sorbitan tristearate Limited risk Chocolate-bloom inhibitor.
• E493 Sorbitan monolaurate Limited risk Emulsifier.
• E495 Sorbitan monopalmitate Limited risk Emulsifier.
• E510 Ammonium chloride Limited risk Safe for treats like salty liquorice, but eat in moderation.
• E512 Stannous chloride Limited risk Safe at restricted levels, but its use of heavy metals makes it controversial.
• E513 Sulphuric acid Limited risk Processing acid, neutralized in product.
• E514 Sodium sulphates Limited risk Acidity regulator.
• E527 Ammonium hydroxide Limited risk Processing alkali.
• E535 Sodium ferrocyanide Limited risk Anti-caking agent in salt.
• E536 Potassium ferrocyanide Limited risk Anti-caking agent in salt.
• E538 Calcium ferrocyanide Limited risk Anti-caking agent in salt.
• E540 Dicalcium diphosphate Limited risk An obsolete additive code for calcium phosphate.
• E542 Bone phosphate Limited risk Safe, but strictly derived from animal bones.
• E551 Silicon dioxide Limited risk Anti-caking agent; nanoparticle content under EU review.
• E552 Calcium silicate Limited risk Anti-caking mineral.
• E553B Talc Limited risk Anti-caking mineral (food-grade, asbestos-free).
• E558 Bentonite Limited risk Clay used to clarify wine and juice.
• E559 Kaolin Limited risk Clay anti-caking agent.
• E573 Aluminium stearate Limited risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E586 4-Hexylresorcinol Limited risk Crucial for the seafood industry to keep shrimp looking fresh and appetizing.
• E623 Calcium diglutamate Limited risk A common umami enhancer; safe unless you have specific glutamate sensitivities.
• E624 Monoammonium glutamate Limited risk Enhances savory flavor, but those sensitive to glutamates should limit intake.
• E625 Magnesium diglutamate Limited risk A safe umami enhancer for the general population.
• E628 Dipotassium guanylate Limited risk Nucleotide flavor enhancer.
• E650 Zinc acetate Limited risk Zinc salt (chewing gum).
• E900 Dimethylpolysiloxane Limited risk Silicone anti-foaming agent (frying oil).
• E900A Dimethyl polysiloxane Limited risk A safe, inert silicone polymer.
• E904 Shellac Limited risk Insect-resin glaze.
• E905 Microcrystalline wax Limited risk Petroleum-derived glazing wax.
• E905D Mineral oil high viscosity Limited risk Permitted in specific uses, but controversial.
• E907 Hydrogenated poly-1-decene Limited risk A safe but highly artificial synthetic glaze.
• E913 Lanolin Limited risk A safe but non-vegan sheep derivative.
• E914 Oxidized polyethylene wax Limited risk Synthetic citrus-coating wax.
• E920 L-Cysteine Limited risk Dough conditioner from fermentation.
• E927B Carbamide Limited risk Chewing-gum texturizer.
• E953 Isomalt Limited risk Polyol; laxative at high doses.
• E956 Alitame Limited risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E958 Glycyrrhizin Limited risk A natural extract; high intake can cause high blood pressure.
• E959 Neohesperidin DC Limited risk Citrus-derived sweetener.
• E964 Polyglycitol syrup Limited risk A safe low-calorie sweetener; consume in moderation to avoid gastric distress.
• E965 Maltitol Limited risk Polyol; laxative at high doses.
• E966 Lactitol Limited risk Milk-derived polyol; laxative at high doses.
• E967 Xylitol Limited risk Polyol; laxative at high doses.
• E968 Erythritol Limited risk Polyol; 2023 study opened a cardiovascular debate.
• E999 Quillaia extract Limited risk Soap-bark foaming agent (root beer foam).
• E1105 Lysozyme Limited risk Egg-white enzyme preservative (cheese, wine).
• E1201 Polyvinylpyrrolidone Limited risk Clarifier and tablet binder.
• E1203 Polyvinyl alcohol Limited risk Provides a glossy, protective coat for supplement tablets.
• E1205 Basic methacrylate copolymer Limited risk A highly functional pharmaceutical-style coating used exclusively for supplements.
• E1206 Neutral Methacrylate Copolymer Limited risk Used in the supplement industry to ensure nutrients are released at the correct time in the gut.
• E1207 Anionic methacrylate copolymer Limited risk Ensures sensitive probiotics or vitamins survive stomach acid to reach the intestines.
• E1208 Polyvinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer Limited risk A functional binder that keeps supplement tablets structurally intact.
• E1209 Polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol-graft co-polymer Limited risk Provides a glossy, protective coat for nutritional supplements.
• E1210 Carbomer Limited risk A highly functional synthetic thickener restricted to liquid supplements.
• E1440 Hydroxypropyl starch Limited risk Modified starch, generally tolerated.
• E1442 Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate Limited risk Modified starch, generally tolerated.
• E1505 Triethyl citrate Limited risk Citrate flavor carrier and foam stabilizer.
• E1518 Triacetin Limited risk Glycerol-based flavor carrier.
• E1519 Benzyl alcohol Limited risk Safe in the tiny amounts used as a flavoring solvent.
• E1520 Propylene glycol Limited risk Flavor carrier; safe at food doses.
• E1521 Polyethylene glycol Limited risk Considered safe for food supplement coatings, though highly processed.
• GENERIC_EMULSIFIER Emulsifier Limited risk Generic emulsifier class.
• ALLULOSE Allulose No known risk A rare sugar that provides sweetness with virtually no calories.
• ASPARAGINASE Asparaginase No known risk An enzyme that converts the amino acid asparagine into aspartic acid.
• BROMELAIN Bromelain No known risk A protein-digesting enzyme extracted from pineapples.
• BUTTERFLY-PEA-FLOWER-EXTRACT Butterfly Pea Flower Extract No known risk A natural blue pigment extracted from the Clitoria ternatea plant.
• CATALASE Catalase No known risk An enzyme that decomposes hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
• CELLULASE Cellulase No known risk An enzyme that breaks down cellulose.
• E14XX Modified Starch No known risk A broad, safe category of heavily processed plant starches used for texture.
• E100 Curcumin No known risk Natural turmeric color.
• E101 Riboflavin No known risk Vitamin B2 used as color.
• E101A Riboflavin-5'-phosphate No known risk A safe, functional vitamin used for its bright yellow color.
• E103 Alkannin No known risk An obsolete colour, not authorised in the EU. Little studied, with no established evidence of harm.
• E105 Fast Yellow AB No known risk An obsolete synthetic dye, not authorised for food use. Little studied by modern standards.
• E106 Riboflavin-5-Sodium Phosphate No known risk A safe and beneficial nutritional colorant.
• E107 Yellow 2G No known risk An obsolete synthetic dye, not authorised for food use. No established evidence of harm at dietary levels.
• E111 Orange GGN No known risk An obsolete synthetic dye, not authorised in the EU. No established evidence of harm at dietary levels.
• E125 Scarlet GN No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E128 Red 2G No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E130 Indanthrene blue RS No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E140 Chlorophylls No known risk Natural green plant pigment.
• E141 Copper chlorophyllins No known risk Stabilized natural green pigment.
• E152 Black 7984 No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E154 Brown FK No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E160 Carotenoids No known risk A broad category of safe, naturally derived pigments.
• E160A Carotenes No known risk Natural orange pigment, provitamin A.
• E160C Paprika extract No known risk Natural pepper-derived color.
• E160D Lycopene No known risk Natural tomato pigment.
• E160E Beta-apo-8′-carotenal (C30) No known risk A safe, naturally derived coloring agent.
• E160F Ethyl ester of beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid No known risk Generally considered safe but largely obsolete.
• E161 Xanthophylls No known risk Safe, natural pigments with potential health benefits.
• E161A Flavoxanthin No known risk A safe but commercially obsolete natural pigment.
• E161B Lutein No known risk Natural marigold pigment.
• E161C Cryptoxanthin No known risk A healthy and entirely safe natural pigment.
• E161D Rubixanthin No known risk A safe, naturally occurring plant pigment.
• E161E Violaxanthin No known risk A safe but commercially obscure plant pigment.
• E161F Rhodoxanthin No known risk An obscure natural pigment not used in mainstream food.
• E161H Zeaxanthin No known risk A safe and actively healthy natural pigment.
• E161I Citranaxanthin No known risk Safe, but mostly restricted to poultry feed.
• E161J Astaxanthin No known risk A safe and highly beneficial antioxidant pigment.
• E162 Beetroot red No known risk Natural beet pigment.
• E163 Anthocyanins No known risk Natural berry/grape pigments.
• E163A Cyanidin No known risk A very safe, natural berry extract.
• E163B Delphinidin No known risk A safe, natural antioxidant pigment.
• E163C Malvidin No known risk A perfectly safe, naturally occurring grape pigment.
• E163D Pelargonidin No known risk A safe natural extract from red fruits.
• E163E Peonidin No known risk A safe, natural cherry and berry pigment.
• E163F Petunidin No known risk A safe natural plant extract.
• E164 Saffron No known risk A premium, completely safe natural spice and colorant.
• E165 Gardenia Blue No known risk A safe, natural alternative to synthetic blue dyes, though rarely authorised in the West.
• E166 Sandalwood No known risk A safe but largely obsolete natural dye.
• E170 Calcium carbonate No known risk Chalk — mineral white, also a calcium source.
• E172 Iron oxides No known risk Mineral pigments (rust tones).
• E181 Tannin No known risk A safe, natural plant extract widely used in beverages.
• E209 Heptylparaben No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E230 Biphenyl No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E231 Orthophenyl phenol No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E232 Sodium orthophenyl phenol No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E233 Thiabendazole No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E236 Formic acid No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E237 Sodium formate No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E243 Ethyl lauroyl arginate No known risk A safe, modern antimicrobial that acts without leaving toxic residues.
• E246 Glycolipids No known risk E246 is a safe, natural additive used primarily as an emulsifier.
• E260 Acetic acid No known risk Vinegar.
• E261 Potassium acetate No known risk Vinegar salt.
• E262 Sodium acetates No known risk Vinegar salt — the salt & vinegar chip flavor.
• E262II Sodium diacetate No known risk A widely used and safe flavoring agent and preservative.
• E263 Calcium acetate No known risk Vinegar salt.
• E265 Dehydroacetic acid No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E266 Sodium dehydroacetate No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E267 Buffered vinegar No known risk E267 offers a natural way to keep food fresh longer without synthetic chemicals.
• E270 Lactic acid No known risk Natural fermentation acid.
• E290 Carbon dioxide No known risk The bubbles in fizzy drinks.
• E296 Malic acid No known risk Natural fruit acid.
• E297 Fumaric acid No known risk Natural fruit-type acid.
• E300 Ascorbic acid No known risk Vitamin C.
• E301 Sodium ascorbate No known risk Vitamin C salt.
• E302 Calcium ascorbate No known risk Vitamin C salt.
• E303 Potassium ascorbate No known risk A safe and highly beneficial Vitamin C salt.
• E304 Ascorbyl palmitate No known risk Fat-soluble vitamin C.
• E304I L-Ascorbyl Palmitate No known risk A safe and effective antioxidant that also provides a source of Vitamin C.
• E306 Tocopherols No known risk Vitamin E.
• E307 Alpha-tocopherol No known risk Vitamin E.
• E307A D-Alpha-tocopherol No known risk A safe and essential natural vitamin.
• E307B Concentrated tocopherol No known risk A safe and essential natural vitamin mixture.
• E307C DL-Alpha-tocopherol No known risk A safe, synthetic form of Vitamin E.
• E308 Gamma-tocopherol No known risk Vitamin E.
• E309 Delta-tocopherol No known risk Vitamin E.
• E313 Ethyl gallate No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E315 Erythorbic acid No known risk Vitamin C mirror-molecule, antioxidant only.
• E316 Sodium erythorbate No known risk Antioxidant used in cured meats.
• E322 Lecithins No known risk Natural emulsifier from soy or sunflower.
• E322A Oat lecithin No known risk An excellent, allergen-friendly natural emulsifier derived from oats.
• E323 Anoxomer No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E325 Sodium lactate No known risk Salt of lactic acid.
• E326 Potassium lactate No known risk Salt of lactic acid.
• E327 Calcium lactate No known risk Salt of lactic acid, also a calcium source.
• E329 Magnesium lactate No known risk A safe and highly beneficial dietary supplement.
• E330 Citric acid No known risk The natural acid that makes citrus fruit sour.
• E331 Sodium citrates No known risk Salt of citric acid.
• E332 Potassium citrates No known risk Salt of citric acid.
• E333 Calcium citrates No known risk Salt of citric acid, also a calcium source.
• E334 Tartaric acid No known risk Natural grape acid.
• E335 Sodium tartrates No known risk Salt of grape acid.
• E336 Potassium tartrates No known risk Cream of tartar.
• E337 Sodium potassium tartrate No known risk Rochelle salt, from wine-making.
• E345 Magnesium citrate No known risk A safe, functional magnesium supplement.
• E345(I) Trimagnesium dicitrate No known risk Serves dual purposes as a food additive and a highly bioavailable source of magnesium.
• E350 Sodium malates No known risk Salt of apple acid.
• E351 Potassium malate No known risk Salt of apple acid.
• E352 Calcium malates No known risk Salt of apple acid.
• E353 Metatartaric acid No known risk Wine stabilizer from grape acid.
• E354 Calcium tartrate No known risk A safe, natural fruit acid derivative.
• E356 Sodium adipate No known risk A safe and common synthetic acidity regulator.
• E357 Potassium adipate No known risk A safe synthetic alternative to sodium-based regulators.
• E369 Alanine No known risk A safe, naturally occurring amino acid.
• E370 1,4-Heptonolactone No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E375 Nicotinic acid No known risk A safe vitamin, but restricted in meat processing.
• E383 Calcium glycerophosphate No known risk A safe mineral supplement and stabiliser.
• E384 Isopropyl citrates No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E388 Thiodipropionic acid No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E392 Rosemary extract No known risk Natural herb antioxidant.
• E399 Calcium lactobionate No known risk A safe calcium source derived from dairy sugar.
• E400 Alginic acid No known risk Brown seaweed thickener.
• E401 Sodium alginate No known risk Seaweed thickener.
• E402 Potassium alginate No known risk Seaweed thickener.
• E403 Ammonium alginate No known risk A safe, natural thickener derived from seaweed.
• E404 Calcium alginate No known risk Seaweed gelling agent.
• E406 Agar No known risk Seaweed gelling agent.
• E408 Bakers yeast glycan No known risk A safe and natural microbial thickener.
• E409 Arabinogalactan No known risk A safe, natural, and prebiotic plant fiber.
• E410 Locust bean gum No known risk Natural carob thickener.
• E411 Oat gum No known risk A highly beneficial, safe natural oat extract.
• E412 Guar gum No known risk Natural thickener.
• E413 Tragacanth No known risk Natural tree-sap gum.
• E414 Acacia gum No known risk Natural gum arabic.
• E414A Acacia gum variant No known risk A perfectly safe, natural tree sap.
• E415 Xanthan gum No known risk Fermentation-derived thickener.
• E417 Tara gum No known risk Natural seed thickener.
• E418 Gellan gum No known risk Fermentation-derived gelling agent.
• E419 Gum ghatti No known risk A safe, natural plant gum.
• E422 Glycerol No known risk Humectant that keeps food moist.
• E424 Curdlan No known risk A highly functional and safe microbial fiber.
• E427 Cassia gum No known risk A safe, plant-based natural thickener.
• E428 Gelatine No known risk A safe gelling agent, but derived entirely from animals.
• E429 Peptone No known risk Safe protein extract; vegans should verify the source.
• E430 Polyoxyethylene (8) stearate No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E440 Pectin No known risk Natural fruit gelling agent.
• E440A Pectin No known risk A completely safe, natural fruit extract.
• E440AII Sodium pectate No known risk A safe, natural plant derivative.
• E440AIII Potassium pectate No known risk A safe, natural plant derivative.
• E440AIV Ammonium pectate No known risk A safe natural gelling agent.
• E440B Pectin amide No known risk A safe, modified plant extract for low-sugar foods.
• E441 Gelatine No known risk Animal-derived gelling agent.
• E446 Succistearin No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E456 Potassium Polyaspartate No known risk A highly effective, safe processing aid that prevents wine diamonds (crystals) from forming.
• E457 Alpha-Cyclodextrine No known risk A safe, highly functional flavor carrier.
• E458 Gamma-Cyclodextrine No known risk A very safe, modern flavor and vitamin carrier.
• E460 Cellulose No known risk Plant fiber.
• E462 Ethyl cellulose No known risk A widely used and safe modified plant fiber.
• E467 Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose No known risk A safe, inert modified plant fiber.
• E469 Sodium caseinate No known risk Milk protein derivative.
• E470 Salts of fatty acids No known risk Safe, but vegans should verify if the fats were plant-sourced.
• E470A Fatty acid salts No known risk Soap-like salts of edible fats.
• E470B Magnesium salts of fatty acids No known risk Anti-caking fat salt.
• E472 Acid esters of mono- and diglycerides No known risk Safe for consumption. Often animal-derived unless certified vegan.
• E472D Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids No known risk Safe for consumption, but vegans should check for plant-origin certification.
• E472F Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids No known risk Safe and widely used in commercial baking. Vegans should verify origin.
• E473A Oligoesters of sucrose type I No known risk Safe; verify origin if avoiding animal fats.
• E474 Sucroglycerides No known risk A safe emulsifier. Check with the manufacturer if avoiding animal products.
• E478 Lactylated fatty acid esters No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E484 Stearyl citrate No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E485 Sodium stearoyl fumarate No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E486 Calcium stearoyl fumarate No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E487 Sodium laurylsulphate No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E488 Ethoxylated Mono- and Di-Glycerides No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E489 Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E494 Sorbitan monooleate No known risk Generally safe. May contain animal fats unless specified vegan.
• E496 Sorbitan trioleate No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E499 Stigmasterol-rich plant sterols No known risk A functional ingredient that provides structural benefits to food while promoting heart health.
• E500 Sodium carbonates No known risk The sodium carbonates group — E500(ii) is ordinary baking soda.
• E501 Potassium carbonates No known risk Raising agent.
• E501II Potassium hydrogen carbonate No known risk An excellent sodium-free leavening agent for baked goods.
• E502 Carbonates No known risk A broad category of safe, essential mineral salts.
• E503 Ammonium carbonates No known risk Traditional raising agent.
• E504 Magnesium carbonates No known risk Anti-caking agent (also climbing chalk).
• E505 Ferrous carbonate No known risk An iron source not on the EU additive list; safe at fortification levels.
• E507 Hydrochloric acid No known risk Processing acid, neutralized in product.
• E508 Potassium chloride No known risk Salt substitute mineral.
• E509 Calcium chloride No known risk Firming agent (canned vegetables, cheese-making).
• E511 Magnesium chloride No known risk Firming agent (also tofu coagulant nigari).
• E515 Potassium sulphates No known risk A safe, functional salt substitute and acidity regulator.
• E516 Calcium sulphate No known risk Gypsum — tofu coagulant, flour treatment.
• E517 Ammonium sulphate No known risk Safe and functional yeast nutrient for commercial bakeries.
• E518 Magnesium sulphate No known risk A safe mineral salt; high doses act as a laxative.
• E524 Sodium hydroxide No known risk Lye — processing agent, fully reacted in product.
• E525 Potassium hydroxide No known risk Completely safe when used as an acidity regulator.
• E526 Calcium hydroxide No known risk Pickling lime, processing aid.
• E528 Magnesium hydroxide No known risk A safe and widely used mineral-based acidity regulator.
• E529 Calcium oxide No known risk Quicklime, processing aid.
• E530 Magnesium oxide No known risk Anti-caking mineral.
• E534 Iron (III) meso-Tartrate No known risk A highly specific additive that prevents salt from caking in humid environments.
• E537 Ferrous hexacyanomanganate No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E539 Sodium thiosulfate No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E543 Calcium sodium polyphosphate No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E544 Calcium polyphosphate No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E545 Ammonium polyphosphate No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E546 Magnesium pyrophosphate No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E550 Sodium silicate No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E553 Magnesium silicates No known risk A safe, inert mineral used to stop powder clumping.
• E553A Synthetic magnesium silicates No known risk An effective, safe, and inert anti-caking agent.
• E556 Calcium aluminium silicate No known risk Permitted in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E557 Zinc silicate No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E560 Potassium silicate No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E570 Fatty acids No known risk Plain edible fatty acids.
• E571 Ammonium stearate No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E572 Magnesium stearate No known risk A very safe, ubiquitous supplement additive.
• E574 Gluconic acid No known risk A safe, naturally derived organic acid.
• E575 Glucono-delta-lactone No known risk Slow-release acid (tofu, cured meats).
• E576 Sodium gluconate No known risk Mineral salt of glucose acid.
• E577 Potassium gluconate No known risk Mineral salt of glucose acid.
• E578 Calcium gluconate No known risk Calcium salt, firming agent.
• E579 Ferrous gluconate No known risk Iron salt — blackens olives.
• E580 Magnesium gluconate No known risk A safe and highly bioavailable magnesium supplement.
• E585 Ferrous lactate No known risk Iron salt, olive darkener.
• E626 Guanylic acid No known risk A potent and generally safe flavor enhancer. Vegans should verify its source.
• E629 Calcium guanylate No known risk An effective umami booster, but gout sufferers should be mindful.
• E630 Inosinic acid No known risk Safe for the general public, but origin may not be vegan.
• E632 Dipotassium inosinate No known risk A functional flavor enhancer for sodium-reduced diets.
• E633 Calcium inosinate No known risk Enhances savory notes safely, but vegans should check its source.
• E634 Calcium 5'-ribonucleotide No known risk A very effective umami combination.
• E636 Maltol No known risk A safe, sweet flavor enhancer.
• E637 Ethyl maltol No known risk A safe and ubiquitous synthetic sweet flavor.
• E638 Sodium L-aspartate No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E640 Glycine No known risk The simplest amino acid, mild sweetness.
• E641 Leucine No known risk A safe and naturally occurring essential amino acid.
• E642 Lysine hydrochloride No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E900B Methylphenylpolysiloxane No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E901 Beeswax No known risk Natural glazing wax.
• E902 Candelilla wax No known risk Plant glazing wax.
• E903 Carnauba wax No known risk Palm-leaf glazing wax.
• E905B Petroleum jelly No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E905C Petroleum wax No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E905CI Microcrystalline wax No known risk A highly refined, safe surface wax.
• E905CII Paraffin wax No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E905E Mineral oil medium viscosity No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E905F Mineral oil medium/low viscosity No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E905G Mineral oil low viscosity No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E906 Benzoin resin No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E908 Rice bran wax No known risk A safe, vegan natural wax.
• E909 Spermaceti No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E910 Wax ester No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E911 Fatty acid methyl ester No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E912 Montanic acid esters No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E915 Esters of Colophane No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E916 Calcium iodate No known risk Iodine fortificant; not authorised as a flour treatment in the EU.
• E917 Potassium iodate No known risk Iodine fortificant; not authorised as a flour treatment in the EU.
• E921 L-cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate No known risk Safe, but frequently animal-derived.
• E928 Benzoyl peroxide No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E929 Acetone peroxide No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E930 Calcium peroxide No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E931 Nitrogen No known risk A perfectly safe, inert packaging gas.
• E932 Nitrous oxide No known risk A safe and effective aerosol propellant.
• E938 Argon No known risk Inert packaging gas.
• E939 Helium No known risk Inert packaging gas.
• E940 Dichlorodifluoromethane No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E941 Nitrogen No known risk Packaging gas — 78% of the air you breathe.
• E942 Nitrous oxide No known risk Whipping propellant (laughing gas).
• E943A Butane No known risk Safe for its intended use as a propellant; not actually consumed.
• E943B Isobutane No known risk A safe and effective aerosol propellant.
• E944 Propane No known risk Safe as a propellant; it leaves no trace in the food.
• E945 Chloropentafluoroethane No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E946 Octafluorocyclobutane No known risk Not authorised in AU-NZ and EU and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E948 Oxygen No known risk Packaging gas.
• E949 Hydrogen No known risk Packaging gas.
• E957 Thaumatin No known risk Sweet protein from an African fruit.
• E960 Steviol glycosides No known risk Stevia-derived sweetener.
• E960A Steviol glycosides from Stevia No known risk A popular natural alternative to artificial zero-calorie sweeteners.
• E960B Steviol glycosides from fermentation No known risk A sustainable, land-free way to produce stevia sweeteners using modern fermentation.
• E960C Enzymatically produced steviol glycosides No known risk An improved form of stevia that tastes more like real sugar.
• E960D Glucosylated steviol glycosides No known risk Provides food manufacturers with a better-tasting natural sweetener option.
• E963 Tagatose No known risk A safe, modern sweetener derived from milk sugar.
• E969 Advantame No known risk A remarkably potent, modern, and safe zero-calorie sweetener.
• E1000 Cholic acid No known risk Safe, but derived directly from animal organs.
• E1001 Choline salts No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E1100 Alpha-Amylase No known risk A safe, natural enzyme destroyed during baking.
• E1101 Protease No known risk A safe natural enzyme used to break down proteins.
• E1102 Glucose oxidase No known risk A safe, functional microbial enzyme.
• E1103 Invertase No known risk Enzyme that liquefies candy centers.
• E1104 Lipase No known risk A safe enzyme; verify animal/microbial origin.
• E1200 Polydextrose No known risk Synthetic soluble fiber.
• E1202 Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone No known risk A safe processing aid that clarifies beverages.
• E1204 Pullulan No known risk A safe and innovative microbial-derived film coating.
• E1400 Dextrins No known risk Roasted starch thickener.
• E1401 Acid-treated starch No known risk A safe, lightly processed plant starch.
• E1402 Alkaline modified starch No known risk A safe modified plant starch.
• E1403 Bleached starch No known risk A safe modified plant starch.
• E1404 Oxidized starch No known risk Modified starch; digested like starch.
• E1405 Enzyme-treated starch No known risk A perfectly safe, natural starch derivative.
• E1410 Monostarch phosphate No known risk Modified starch; digested like starch.
• E1411 Distarch glycerol No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E1412 Distarch phosphate No known risk Modified starch; digested like starch.
• E1413 Phosphated distarch phosphate No known risk A safe, functional modified starch for temperature-stable foods.
• E1414 Acetylated distarch phosphate No known risk Modified starch; digested like starch.
• E1420 Acetylated starch No known risk Modified starch; digested like starch.
• E1421 Starch acetate No known risk A safe modified plant starch.
• E1422 Acetylated distarch adipate No known risk Modified starch; digested like starch.
• E1423 Acetylated distarch glycerol No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E1430 Distarch glycerine No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E1441 Hydroxypropyl distarch glycerine No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E1443 Hydroxypropyl distarch glycerol No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in AU-NZ and US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• E1450 Starch sodium octenyl succinate No known risk Starch-based emulsifier (also in vitamins).
• E1451 Acetylated oxidized starch No known risk Modified starch; digested like starch.
• E1503 Castor oil No known risk A safe plant oil; high doses act as a laxative.
• E1504 Ethyl acetate No known risk A safe, common flavor carrier and solvent.
• E1510 Ethanol No known risk A perfectly safe, common flavor solvent.
• E1517 Glyceryl diacetate No known risk A completely safe flavor carrier. Vegans should check glycerol origin.
• EXXX Generic food additive No known risk An ambiguous placeholder; safety unknown.
• FICIN Ficin No known risk A proteolytic enzyme extracted from the latex of fig trees.
• GALDIERIA-EXTRACT-BLUE Galdieria Extract Blue No known risk A blue pigment derived from the red microalgae Galdieria sulphuraria.
• GENERIC_FLAVORING Flavoring No known risk Generic flavoring class.
• GENERIC_PH_ADJUSTER pH Adjuster No known risk Generic acidity regulator.
• GLUCOAMYLASE Glucoamylase No known risk An enzyme that breaks down starch into glucose.
• GRAPE-COLOUR-EXTRACT Grape Colour Extract No known risk A purple-red pigment extracted from grape skins.
• HUITO-JAGUA-BLUE Huito/Jagua Blue No known risk A blue pigment derived from the unripe fruit of the Genipa americana tree.
• LACTASE Lactase No known risk An enzyme that breaks down lactose into simple sugars.
• MONK-FRUIT-EXTRACT Monk Fruit Extract (Mogrosides) No known risk A natural, zero-calorie sweetener derived from the monk fruit.
• OLESTRA Olestra (Olean) No known risk Not authorised in EU, but permitted in US. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• ORANGE-B Orange B No known risk Not authorised in EU. No evidence of harm at dietary intake.
• PAPAIN Papain No known risk An enzyme extracted from the raw fruit of the papaya plant.
• PECTINASE Pectinase No known risk An enzyme that breaks down pectin in plant cell walls.
• PHOSPHOLIPASE Phospholipase No known risk An enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids.
• RENNET Rennet / Chymosin No known risk An enzyme complex used to coagulate milk in cheesemaking.
• SODIUM-METASILICATE Sodium Metasilicate No known risk An inorganic salt used in food processing.
• SPIRULINA-EXTRACT Spirulina Extract No known risk A natural blue-green pigment derived from cyanobacteria.
• TREHALOSE Trehalose No known risk A naturally occurring disaccharide consisting of two glucose molecules.
• VEGETABLE-JUICE-COLOUR Vegetable Juice Colour No known risk Natural pigments extracted from various vegetables (e.g. beet, carrot, cabbage).
• XYLANASE Xylanase No known risk An enzyme that breaks down hemicellulose (xylan) in plant cell walls.