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E403 · Thickeners

Ammonium alginate

No known risk

A safe, natural thickener derived from seaweed.

Category
Thickeners
Vegan
Yes
Vegetarian
Yes

What it is

A natural carbohydrate extracted from brown seaweed used as a thickener and gelling agent.

How it is used in food

Ammonium alginate is extracted from brown seaweed and thickens, stabilises and gels water-based foods at low concentrations. Alginates hold water and fat in emulsions, prevent ice-crystal growth in frozen desserts, and let manufacturers build texture without added fat. As an unabsorbed soluble fibre it also increases viscosity in the gut, which can modestly slow gastric emptying and increase satiety.

Commonly found in
  • Ice cream
  • Sauces
  • Desserts

Health and safety

Generally safe; it is an indigestible fiber that passes harmlessly through the gut.

EFSA re-evaluated alginic acid and its salts in 2017 and concluded there was no safety concern at reported use levels, keeping the group ADI 'not specified'; the panel noted alginates are not absorbed intact and are largely fermented or excreted. Studies in animals and humans show no genotoxicity or carcinogenicity. The practical caveats are that high intakes of any viscous soluble fibre can cause bloating or loose stools, and that alginates can bind some minerals in the gut lumen, though this has not been shown to affect mineral status at food-use levels.

Regulatory status

RegionStatusNotes
Australia & New Zealand
FSANZ
Permitted Permitted under the FSANZ Food Standards Code.
European Union
EFSA / European Commission
Permitted Authorised for food use under EU regulations (Annex II).
United States
FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
Permitted Authorised for food use by the FDA (often GRAS for standard additives).

Identification on labels

E-number
E403

Worth knowing

Alginate is the chemistry behind 'spherification' — the technique that made popping caviar-like spheres a signature of modernist cooking — because it gels instantly on contact with calcium ions rather than needing heat. The same instant calcium gelling is used medically in alginate wound dressings and in raft-forming antacids that float on stomach contents.

Conclusion

A safe, natural thickener derived from seaweed.

References

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Entry last reviewed 2026-07-28.

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