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E921 · Flour treatment agents

L-cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate

No known risk

Safe, but frequently animal-derived.

Category
Flour treatment agents
Vegan
maybe
Vegetarian
maybe

What it is

A form of the amino acid L-cysteine used to soften bread dough.

How it is used in food

A dough conditioner that relaxes gluten by breaking disulfide bonds, making industrial bread and pizza dough easier to machine and reducing mixing time and energy.

Commonly found in
  • Commercial bread

Health and safety

Safe for consumption. Vegans should ensure it is derived from microbial fermentation rather than animal sources.

Evaluated by JECFA and EFSA as a saf,e nutritionally normal amino acid with no numerical ADI required. It is an ordinary component of dietary protein, so additive amounts are negligible.

Regulatory status

RegionStatusNotes
Australia & New Zealand
FSANZ
Permitted Permitted under the FSANZ Food Standards Code.
European Union
EFSA / European Commission
Not approved Not on the EU authorised list of food additives (Annex II).
United States
FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
Permitted Authorised for food use by the FDA (often GRAS for standard additives).

Identification on labels

E-number
E921

Worth knowing

L-cysteine was historically extracted from human hair and duck feathers — a fact that pushed manufacturers toward modern microbial fermentation, which also makes it vegan and halal/kosher friendly.

Conclusion

Safe, but frequently animal-derived.

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Entry last reviewed 2026-07-28.

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